100 Verbannen Vrouwen

December is een mooie maand, en speciaal voor de liefhebbers van lijstjes* is deze post bedoeld. Een opsomming van vrouwen die zijn geexileerd dan wel zelfstandig de weg van de expatriatie kozen.

1. Hannah Arendt, 1906–75, from Koenigsberg, philosopher, studied with Heidegger, Husserl, Jaspers at Freiburg, Heidelberg. Fled to Paris in 1933, to the United States in 1941. 

2. Erna Auerbach, 1897–1975, from Frankfurt, studied art history there, fled to England in 1933, studied at the Courtauld Institute, active as a painter, writer on portraiture, and lecturer at Royal Holloway and Westfield Colleges.

3. Ingeborg Auerbach (née Fraenkel), born 1903, arthistorian, studied with Panofsky in Hamburg, wrote her191dissertation on Andrea del Sarto, fled to England in 1935, gave up the practice of art history.

4. Susan Groag Bell, born 1926, from Czechoslovakia, fled to England in 1939, came to know Barbara Hammond whoawakened her interest in history, later moved to Californiawhere she discovered women’s history and taught at Stanford.

5. Therese Benedek (née Friedmann), 1890–1977, from Eger, studied in Budapest, shifted from medicine top sychoanalysis, left Hungary in 1920 for Leipzig, moved to Chicago in 1936.

6. Alice Bergel (née Berger), 1911–98, from Berlin, scholarin Romanistik, fled to England in 1939, moved to the UnitedStates in 1941, taught at University of California–Irvine.

7. Margarete Bieber, 1879–1978, born in Schönau, Prussia(now Poland), classicist and art historian, professor atGiessen, moved to the United States in 1934, invited byBarnard College, remained associate professor until her retirement.

8. Senta Bier (née Dietzel), 1900–1978, from Fürth, studiedart history with Wölfflin in Munich, fled to the UnitedStates in 1938, worked as an art teacher, teacher of German,and finally as professor of art history in Louisville,Kentucky.

9. Gertrud Bing, 1892–1964, from Hamburg, art historian, worked with Aby Warburg, fled to London in 1933 with theWarburg Institute, of which she was assistant director 1933–55 and director 1955–59.

 

10. Gerda Blumenthal, born 1923, from Berlin, specialist in Romantistik, fled to the United States c. 1941, studied in New York, taught French literature at Catholic University of America in Washington, dc.

11. Hedda Bolgar, 1909–2013, born in Zurich, psychoanalyst, studied in Vienna, moved to the United States, practicedanalysis in Chicago until she was 102.

12. Charlotte Bühler (née Malachowski), 1893–1974,192 from Berlin, psychologist, professor in Vienna, fled to Norway in 1938, then London, then the United States.

13. Anneliese Bulling, 1900–2004, from Saxony, historian of Chinese art, studied in Berlin, fled to Britain 1935, earned PhD at Cambridge, moved to the United States in 1956, published on the architecture of the Han period, and was a translator.

14. Gertrude Coor (née Achenbach), 1915–62, fromFrankfurt, art historian, moved to Italy after 1933, thenWales, then the United States. Worked on the PrincetonIndex of Christian Art, taught at the university, was researchassistant to the art historian Millard Meiss, published amonograph on Neroccio.

15. Hanna Deinhard (née Levy), 1912–84, art historian,student of Wölfflin, fled to France in 1933, then to Brazil and wrote on colonial art there, moved to the United States in1947, taught at the New School and Queens College in NewYork, published on the sociology of painting.

16. Helene Deutsch (née Rosenbach), 1884–1982, from Poland, psychologist, moved to Vienna in 1907, studied medicine, worked with Freud, emigrated to the United States in 1934, worked as a training analyst.

17. Liselotte Dieckmann (née Neisser), 1902–94,specialist in Germanistik, fled to Rome in 1933, then toIstanbul, then to the United States, taught in St. Louis.

18. Ilona Duczynska, 1897–1978, from Vienna,revolutionary in Hungary, sent to Zurich, then Moscow,then Vienna, married Karl Polanyi, moved to England in1933, then to the United States, worked as a translator.

19. Ilse Falk, born 1906, from Hamburg, art historian, studiedin Berlin, wrote a dissertation on Andrea Pisano, fled toSwitzerland in 1937, then to the United States, worked asa secretary to the art historian Richard Offner and as atranslator.

 

20. Else Frenkel-Brunswik, 1908–58, from Lviv, psychologist, fled to Vienna in 1919, assistant to Charlotte Bühler, fled to the United States in 1938, worked with Adorno.

21. Anna Freud, 1895–1982, Austrian psychoanalyst, fled to England in 1938 with her father.

22. Margarete Freudenthal -Sallis, born 1893, from Speyer, sociologist, studied with Karl Mannheim, wrotedoctoral dissertation on the history of the family, emigratedto Palestine in 1934.

23. Gisèle Freund, 1908–2000, from Berlin, photographer,studied at Frankfurt with Adorno, Horkheimer, and Mannheim, fled to Paris in 1933 and later to Argentina and Mexico.

24. Franziska Fried-Boxer, born 1904, from Vienna,art historian, studied with Strzygowski, wrote on Andrea Pisano, worked at the Warburg Library in Hamburg 1930-32, returned to Austria, fled to England 1939, then to the United States.

25. Teresa Grace Frisch, from Vienna, art historian, a specialist on Gothic, professor at Wellesley College 1947–66, dean of the college.

26. Lili Fröhlich-Bume (née Caroline Bum), 1886–c. 1975,from Vienna, art historian, fled to England in 1938, becamean art journalist reviewing exhibitions.

27. Erika Fromm (née Oppenheimer) [familie van Erich Fromm], 1910–2003, psychologist, trained in experimental psychology in Frankfurt, fled to the Netherlands in 1934, to the United States in 1936.

28. Melitta Gerhard, 1891–1981, specialist in Germanistik, Privatdozent in Kiel, dismissed in 1933, fled to the UnitedStates in 1934, taught at Wellesley College, wrote on Schiller,Goethe.

29. Francis Gray Godwin (Franziska Grabkowitz), 1908–79, from Vienna, art historian, student of Strzygowski,moved to the United States in 1930, studied with Richard Offner, taught at Queens College 1945–70 and was known as an outstanding teacher.

 

30. Sabine Gova (née Spiero), 1901–2000, from Hamburg,art historian, fled to France in 1933, studied in Paris, wasdeported but escaped, emigrated to the United Statesin 1941, worked as a cleaner, gave lessons in French andGerman, professor at St. Peter’s College in Jersey City, andat Fordham University.

31. Hanna Gray (née Holborn), born 1930, from Heidelberg,daughter of Hajo Holborn, fled to the United Stateswith her family in 1934, historian of the Renaissance andpresident of Yale.

32. Carmen Gronau (née von Wogau), 1910–99, historian of Italian Renaissance art, left Germany in 1935 for London,worked at Sotheby’s.

33. Yvonne Hackenbroch, 1912–2012, from Frankfurt,studied with Pinder, fled to England in 1937, curator at theBritish Museum, specialist in jewelry, moved to Canada in1945, the United States in 1949, then returned to England.

34. Elisabeth Maria Hajós, 1900–1982, born in Hungary,art historian, worked at Albertina in Vienna, taught inBudapest, fled to the United States in 1938, published ontwentieth-century architecture and on the Renaissance.

35. Betty Heimann, 1888–1961, from Wandsbek, Indologist,studied in Kiel and Halle, professor in Hamburg, fled toEngland in 1933, moved to (East) Germany in 1957.

36. Emmy Heller, 1886–1956, historian of the Middle Ages,studied in Heidelberg, fled to the United States, taught atBrooklyn College 1937–56.

37. Herta Herzog, 1910–2010, from Vienna, socialpsychologist, moved to the United States in 1935, returnedto Europe in 1976.

38. Rosemarie Heyd (née Burkart), 1905–2002, fromBerlin, worked in Romanistik, student then assistant to LeoSpitzer, whom she followed to Istanbul in 1933, returnedto Germany with her husband in 1942, taught languages atDarmstadt, and acted as an interpreter.

39. Hedwig Hintze (née Guggenheimer), 1884–1942, from195Munich, historian, studied with Meinecke, worked onthe French Revolution, was offered a position at the NewSchool but was refused entry to the United States, fled tothe Netherlands in 1939, died (possibly suicide?) beforebeing deported.

 

40. Ursula Hoff, 1909–2005, born in England, art historian,brought up in Hamburg, a student of Panofsky, fled toEngland in 1933, museum curator, moved to Australia in1939, worked at the National Gallery Victoria and University of Melbourne.

41. Louise Wilhelmine Holborn, 1898–1975, specialiston politics, sister of Hajo Holborn, fled to London in 1933,to the United States in 1934, earned PhD in 1938, supportedherself by babysitting, working in a library, giving Germanlessons, and as a research assistant, taught at WellesleyCollege and Connecticut College for women.

42. Marie Jahoda, 1907–2001, Austrian social psychologist,emigrated to England in 1937, then the United States,studied at Barnard College and Columbia University, herPhD supervised by Lazarsfeld, became professor at Barnardin 1938, to the University of Sussex in 1965.

43. Charlotte Jolles, 1909–2003, from Berlin, worked inGermanistik, fled to England in 1939, worked with refugeechildren, taught in schools, and from 1955 at BirkbeckCollege, a specialist on Fontane.

44. Sonja Karsen, born 1919, from Berlin, worked inRomanistik, fled to Switzerland in 1933, then to the UnitedStates, earned PhD at Columbia, professor of Spanish inseveral American universities.

45. Viola Klein, 1908–73, from Prague, fled to England in1938, worked as a nanny, took a second doctorate at the lse,worked as a translator, teacher, and finally (aged fifty-six) asa lecturer in sociology at Reading University.

46. Olgar Koselleff-Gordon, born 1904 in Sebastopol,art historian, moved to Dresden in 1906, wrote on medieval196sculpture and illumination, fled to the United States after1933.

47. Trude Krautheimer-Hess, 1902–87, from Erfurt,art historian, studied in Frankfurt, fled to Italy in 1933, thento the United States, art collector, collaborated with herhusband Richard on a study of Ghiberti.

48. Betty (Bettina Dorothea) Kurth (née Kris), 1878–1948,from Vienna, art historian, studied with Dvořák, a specialiston medieval tapestry, fled to Britain in 1939, found part-timeemployment at Glasgow Art Gallery.

49. Hilde Kur z (née Schüller), 1910–70, from Vienna, arthistorian, student of Schlosser, moved to England in 1937,collaborated with her husband Otto.

 

50. Claire Lachmann (née Ullman), 1904–91, born in TheHague, art historian, studied in Hamburg with Panofsky,Saxl, assistant at the Warburg, fled to Palestine in 1934,became an art critic and journalist.

51. Ursula Lamb (née Schaefer), 1914–96, from Essen,historian, anti-Nazi, left Germany in 1935, studied atBerkeley, taught at Columbia, Yale, and the University ofArizona, wrote on the Spanish Empire.

52. Júlia Láng, Hungarian psychologist, fled from Germanyto England in 1933 with her husband Karl Mannheim.

53. Olga Lang (née Joffe), 1897–1992, Russian sinologist,associated with Frankfurt School, married Karl Wittfogel,moved to the United States in 1934, taught Russian atSwarthmore, wrote on the Chinese family.

54. Edith Lenel, born 1909, historian, studied with Rothfelsin Koenigsberg, fled to the United States, assistant to HansKohn at Smith College, librarian at Montclair State College,later taught German and became chair of the Germandepartment there.

55. Gerda Lerner (née Kronstein), 1920–2013, from Vienna,historian, anti-Nazi, imprisoned before leaving for theUnited States in 1939, worked as a waitress, studied at the197New School, professor at Sarah Lawrence College, set up aprogram for women’s history.

56. Aenne Liebreich, 1889–c. 1940, from Westphalia, arthistorian, wrote on the sculpture of Sluter, fled to Francec. 1933, became assistant to Focillon, killed herself.

57. Ilse Lipschutz (née Hempel), born 1923 in Württemberg,specialist in Romanistik, fled to Paris in 1936, then to Spainand the United States, professor of French at Vassar, chair ofthe department.

58. Margaret Mahler (née Schönberger), 1897–1985, fromSopron, psychoanalyst, studied medicine in Munich andVienna, moved to the uk, then the United States in 1938,worked at New York Psychoanalytical Institute.

59. Erna Mandowsky, 1906–70, from Hamburg, arthistorian, student of Panofsky, fled to England 1933 and thento the United States, published studies of Ripa and Ligorio.

 

60. Anne Marie Meyer, 1919–2004, from Berlin, fled toEngland with her family in 1933, worked at the WarburgInstitute 1937–84 as secretary and registrar, studied thehistory of opera and ballet.

61. Sibyl Moholy-Nagy (née Pietzsch), 1903–71, fromGermany, daughter of architect, married Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, moved to Amsterdam in 1934, to the United Statesin 1937, turned historian of architecture after her husband’sdeath, taught at the Pratt Institute, New York.

62. Elisabeth Moses, 1894–1957, from Cologne, studied arthistory in Bonn, museum curator, dismissed in 1933, fled toItaly, then to the United States in 1933, became a curator inSan Francisco.

63. Alice Mühsam (née Freymarck), 1889–1968, from Berlin,historian of ancient art and art restorer, fled to the UnitedStates in 1940, worked as a cleaner in New York, on artrestoration at Brooklyn Museum, as a tutor at Columbia.

64. Anita Orienter, 1896–c. 1990, born in Brazil, her fatherfrom Romania, moved to Berlin in 1900, studied withWölfflin, returned to Brazil in 1939, a painter and restorer,198moved to New York in 1948, could not find job as arthistorian, gave language lessons.

65. Dorothea (Dora) Panofsky (née Mosse), 1885–1965,wife of Erwin, moved to the United States with him andcollaborated with him.

66. Lotte Brand Philip (née Forster), 1910–86, fromAltona, Hamburg, art historian, student of Panofsky, movedto the United States in 1941, jewelry designer, studied andpublished on the art of the Netherlands, taught at nyu andQueens College.

67. Annemarie Pope (née Henle), 1910–2001, art historian,earned PhD at Heidelberg in 1931, moved to the UnitedStates, worked as art administrator in Washington, dc.

68. Edith Porada, 1912–94, from Vienna, archaeologist andart historian of ancient Near East, fled to the United Statesin 1938, worked at the Metropolitan Museum, QueensCollege, and Columbia.

69. Lieselotte Pulvermacher Egers, born 1904, fromBerlin, art historian, studied with Walter Friedlaender,published on German sculpture, moved to the United Statesc. 1937, taught German and art history in various colleges.

 

70. Beata Rank (née Minzer), 1886–1967, from Poland, psychoanalyst, lived in Vienna after her marriage, translatedFreud into Polish, emigrated to the United States in 1936.

71. Annie Reich (née Pink), 1902–71, from Vienna,psychoanalyst, studied medicine, was analyzed by WilhelmReich and married him, lived in Berlin, moved to Prague in1933 and to the United States in 1938, worked at New YorkPsychoanalytical Institute.

72. Eva Gabriele Reichmann (née Jungmann), 1897–1998, from Silesia, Jewish historian and sociologist, fled to London in 1939, worked as translator, earned a seconddoctorate at lse on the social causes of antisemitism,director of the research department of the Wiener Library,pioneer of holocaust studies.

73. Grete Ring, 1887–1952, from Berlin, art historian, studied199with Wölfflin at Munich, became an art dealer, openedPaul Cassirer gallery in London in 1938, specializing innineteenth-century drawings, wrote on fifteenth-centuryFrench painting.

74. Helen Rosenau, 1900–1984, art historian, studied inMunich with Wölfflin, fled to England in 1933, studied atthe Courtauld Institute, worked at the lse, taught at theUniversities of London and Manchester.

75. Gertrud Rosenthal, 1903–89, from Mayen, arthistorian, studied at University of Cologne, fled to Englandin 1938, worked at the Courtauld Institute, moved to theUnited States in 1940, art librarian, curator of BaltimoreMuseum of Art.

76. Nina Rubinstein, 1908–96, from Berlin, daughter ofexiled Russian (Baltic German) liberals, wrote a dissertationon French émigrés, supervised by Karl Mannheim, fled toParis in 1933, then to New York, worked as an interpreter.

77. Leonie Sachs (née Feiler), born 1908, from Berlin,studied Romanistik, fled to Spain in 1933, then to France andthe United States, professor of Spanish at Hunter College.

78. Rosa Schapire, 1874–1954, from Galicia, arthistorian, studied at Heidelberg with Thode, collector ofcontemporary art, fled to London in 1939, earned her livingas translator.

79. Felicie Scharf (née Radziejewski), born 1901, fromBerlin, art historian, wrote dissertation on Romanesquesculpture, fled to England in 1933, taught German and laterbecame an art dealer.

 

80. Herta Schubart (née Müller, known as SusanneCarwin thanks to her historical novel Faith and Inquisition),1898–1975, art historian, studied at Hamburg with Panofsky,wrote dissertation on illustrations to the Bible, fled to Spainin 1933, then to France and England in 1937, returned toGermany in 1945, worked as art dealer and journalist.

81. Berta Segall, 1902–76, art historian, Jewish, studied withSchlosser, museum curator in Berlin, fled to England in 1933,200then to Athens in 1934, worked at Benaki Museum, movedto the United States in 1938, worked at the Museum of FineArts, Johns Hopkins, returned to Germany in 1956, keeper atart museum in Hamburg.

82. Charlotte Sempell, born 1909, historian, publishedstudies of the Schleswig-Holstein question and ofRobespierre, anti-Nazi, moved to Paris, Uruguay, the UnitedStates, taught part-time at Brooklyn College 1947–74.

83. Judith Shklar, 1928–92, from Riga, Jewish, fled toCanada c. 1940 and then the United States, professor ofpolitics at Harvard.

84. Erika Spivakovsky (née Zarden), 1909–98, fromHamburg, historian, studied in Buenos Aires and Berlin,taught Spanish at the University of Melbourne 1936–39, atRadcliffe Institute 1962–64, published a biography of DiegoHurtado de Mendoza.

85. Kate Steinitz (née Traumann, sometimes wrote asAnnette C. Nobody), 1889–1975, from Silesia, art historian,fled to the United States in 1936, art librarian and artist.

86. Selma Stern-Täubler, 1890–1981, historian, studiedJewish history, moved to the United States in 1941, archivistof American Jewish Archive, Cincinnati.

87. Alice Teichova, 1920–2015, economist, Austrian, fledto England in 1938, to Czechoslovakia in 1945, taught at Charles University, returned to England in 1968, professorat University of East Anglia.

88. Erica Tietze-Conrat, 1883–1958, from Vienna, arthistorian, student of Riegl, worked with her husband, fled to the United States in 1938, lecturer at Columbia.

89. Lucie Varga (Rosa Stern), 1904–41, Austrian historian,student of Dopsch, married Borkenau and left for Paris in1933, worked with Febvre as his assistant 1934–37.

 

90. Edith Weigert (née Vowinckel), 1894–1982, fromDusseldorf, psychoanalyst, studied in Berlin, fled withhusband Oscar to Ankara, then in 1938 to the United States.

91. Josefa Weitzmann (née Fiedler), 1904–2000, art201historian, married Kurt Weitzmann in Germany and went with him to Princeton in 1935.

92. Herta Wescher (née Kauert), 1899–1971, from Krefeld,art historian, studied with Wölfflin in Munich, moved to Paris in 1933, journalist, moved to Switzerland in 1942,worked as a freelance writer and critic and became anexpert on collage.

93. Dorothee Westphal, 1902–68, art historian, studied with Wölfflin and Schlosser, wrote on Venetian paintingof the Renaissance, moved to England, worked inconservation.

94. Helene Wieruszowski, 1893–1978, from Elberfeld,historian, studied with Levison and Meinecke, librarianat the University of Bonn, dismissed in 1934, conducted research in Spain and Italy, moved to the United States 1940,held part-time posts, finally a professor at cuny.

95. Rahel Wischnitzer (née Bernstein), 1885–1989, fromMinsk, art historian, Jewish, studied and lived in Germany,worked on Jewish encyclopedia and at Jewish Museumin Berlin, moved to France in 1938, to the United States in1940, taught at Yeshiva College in New York, published on Jewish art and architecture.

96. Margot Wittkower (née Holzmann), 1902–95, fromBerlin, designer and art historian, married Rudolf, fled toLondon in 1933 and later to the United States, publishedbooks jointly with her husband.

97. Alma Wittlin (née Frischauer), 1899–1990, from Lv’iv,art historian, studied in Vienna with Strzygowski, fled toEngland in 1937, worked at Museum of Archaeology andAnthropology at the University of Cambridge, moved to theUnited States in 1952, museum director in Santa Fe.

98. Käthe Maria Wolf, 1907–57, from Vienna, childpsychologist, assistant to the Bühlers, moved to Switzerlandin 1939, to the United States in 1941, worked at Yale andcuny.
99. Alice Wolfe (Wolf, née Frisch), 1905–83, from Hungary,art historian, studied in Vienna, fled to England in 1939 andthen to the United States, worked at Yale University ArtGallery until moving to Idaho with her husband.

100. Maria Zambrano, 1904–91, philosopher, student of Ortega, moved to Cuba, Puerto Rico, Italy, France, Switzerland, and in 1984 returned to Spain. (Bron: EXILeS AND EXPATRiATES IN THE HISTORy of KNOWLeDGE, 1500–2000 Peter Burke)

 

--* in referentie naar Tim Ferris, waarvan ik dit concept heb overgenomen.